Kuzvarwa kwekamuri rakachena
Kubuda nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji dzese kunokonzerwa nezvinodiwa pakugadzirwa. Tekinoroji yemakamuri akachena haisi imwe chete. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, magyroscope ane mhepo akagadzirwa muUnited States ekufambisa ndege aifanira kugadziriswazve kanenge ka120 pa10 yega yega magyroscope nekuda kwehunhu husina kugadzikana. Munguva yeHondo yeKorean Peninsula mukutanga kwema1950, zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinopfuura miriyoni zvakatsiviwa mumidziyo yekutaurirana yemagetsi inosvika 160,000 muUnited States. Kukundikana kweradar kwakaitika 84% yenguva, uye kukundikana kwesonar yegungwa kwakaitika 48% yenguva. Chikonzero ndechekuti zvishandiso zvemagetsi nezvikamu hazvina kuvimbika zvakanaka uye hunhu husina kugadzikana. Mauto nevagadziri vakaongorora chikonzero chacho uye pakupedzisira vakaona kubva pazvinhu zvakawanda kuti chaive chakabatana nenzvimbo yekugadzira isina kuchena. Kunyangwe pasina mari yakasara uye matanho akasiyana-siyana akatorwa kuvhara nzvimbo yekugadzira, mhedzisiro yacho yaive mishoma. Saka uku ndiko kwakava kutanga kwekamuri rakachena!
Kugadzira makamuri akachena
Danho rekutanga: Kusvika pakutanga kwema1950, HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, iyo yakagadzirwa zvinobudirira neUS Atomic Energy Commission muna 1951 kugadzirisa dambudziko rekubata guruva rine mwaranzi rinokuvadza vanhu, yakashandiswa muhurongwa hwekuendesa zvinhu mumashopu ekugadzira. Kusefa kwemhepo zvechokwadi kwakaita kuti imba igare yakachena ine kukosha kwemazuva ano.
Danho rechipiri: Muna 1961, Willis Whitfield, muongorori mukuru paSandia National Laboratories muUnited States, akaronga zvainzi laminar flow panguva iyoyo, uye ikozvino yava kunzi unidirectional flow. (unidirectional flow) chirongwa chekuronga clean air flow uye chakashandiswa kumapurojekiti chaiwo. Kubva ipapo, imba yakachena yasvika padanho risati ramboonekwa rekuchena.
Danho rechitatu: Mugore rimwe chetero, US Air Force yakagadzira uye yakaburitsa chiyero chekutanga chepasi rose chemakamuri akachena cheTO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Standard for the Design and Operational Characteristics of Clean Rooms and Clean Benches." Pachikonzero ichi, chiyero chehurumende cheUS cheFED-STD-209, icho chakakamura makamuri akachena kuita nhanho nhatu, chakaziviswa muna Zvita 1963. Kusvika parizvino, muenzaniso wetekinoroji yakakwana yemakamuri akachena wakagadzirwa.
Kufambira mberi kutatu kwataurwa pamusoro apa kunowanzo rumbidzwa sezviitiko zvitatu zvinokosha munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemakamuri emazuva ano akachena.
Pakati pemakore ekuma1960, makamuri akachena akanga achionekwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaindasitiri muUnited States. Yakanga isingangoshandiswi muindasitiri yemauto chete, asiwo yaikurudzirwa mumagetsi, optics, micro bearings, micro motors, photosensitive films, ultrapure chemical reagents nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, zvichiita basa guru mukusimudzira kukura kwesainzi, tekinoroji uye indasitiri panguva iyoyo. Kuti izvi zviitike, zvinotevera ndizvo zvinotsanangura zvakadzama nyika dzemuno nedzekunze.
Kuenzanisa kwebudiriro
Kunze Kwenyika: Mukutanga kwema1950, kuitira kugadzirisa dambudziko rekubata guruva rine mwaranzi rinokuvadza muviri wemunhu, US Atomic Energy Commission yakaunza high-efficiency particle air filter (HEPA) muna 1950, iyo yakava danho rekutanga munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yakachena. Muma1960, makamuri akachena akatanga mumichina yemagetsi inonatsa uye mamwe mafekitori muUnited States. Panguva imwe chete, maitiro ekuisa tekinoroji yemakamuri akachena eindasitiri mumakamuri akachena ebhayoloji akatanga. Muna 1961, imba yakachena yelaminar flow (unidirectional flow) yakazvarwa. Mwero wekutanga wemakamuri akachena pasi rose - US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203 wakaumbwa. Mukutanga kwema1970, chinangwa chekuvaka makamuri akachena chakatanga kuchinjira kumaindasitiri ekurapa, emishonga, ezvekudya uye emakemikari. Kuwedzera kuUnited States, dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira mumaindasitiri dzakadai seJapan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, yaimbova Soviet Union, Netherlands, nezvimwewo dzinokoshesawo zvikuru uye dzinosimudzira tekinoroji yakachena. Mushure mema1980, United States neJapan dzakabudirira kugadzira mafirita matsva e-ultra-hepa ane chinangwa chekusefa che0.1 μm uye kugona kuunganidzwa kwe99.99%. Pakupedzisira, makamuri akachena e-ultra-hepa ane 0.1μm level 10 uye 0.1μm level 1 akavakwa, izvo zvakaunza kukura kwetekinoroji yakachena munguva itsva.
China: Kubva pakutanga kwema1960 kusvika kumagumo kwema1970, makore gumi aya ndiwo aive nhanho yekutanga uye yekutanga kwetekinoroji yemakamuri akachena yeChina. Makore angangoita gumi gare gare kupfuura kunze kwenyika. Yaive nguva yakakosha uye yakaoma, ine hupfumi husina kusimba uye pasina diplomacy yenyika dzakasimba. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudaro uye akapoteredza zvinodiwa nemichina chaiyo, zvishandiso zvendege uye maindasitiri emagetsi, vashandi vetekinoroji yemakamuri akachena yeChina vakatanga rwendo rwavo rwebhizinesi. Kubva kumagumo kwema1970 kusvika kumagumo kwema1980, tekinoroji yemakamuri akachena yeChina yakawana danho rekukura rakanaka. Mukuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemakamuri akachena yeChina, zvakawanda zvakakosha uye zvakaitwa zvakakosha zvakatanga padanho iri. Zviratidzo zvasvika padanho rehunyanzvi renyika dzekunze muma1980. Kubva kutanga kwema1990 kusvika pari zvino, hupfumi hweChina hwaramba hwakagadzikana uye huchikura nekukurumidza, mari yekudyara pasi rose yakaramba ichiwedzerwa, uye mapoka akawanda emarudzi akawanda akavaka mafekitori akawanda emagetsi madiki muChina akatevedzana. Saka, tekinoroji yemuno nevaongorori vane mikana yakawanda yekutaura zvakananga nezvemagadzirirwo emakamuri ekune dzimwe nyika akachena, uye kunzwisisa michina nemidziyo yepamusoro yepasi rose, manejimendi nekugadzirisa, nezvimwewo.
Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi netekinoroji, makambani emakamuri akachena muChina ari kukurawo nekukurumidza. Mararamiro evanhu ari kuramba achivandudzwa, uye zvinodiwa zvavo zvekugara uye hupenyu huri kuramba huchikwira. Tekinoroji yekugadzira makamuri akachena yakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti ishandise kuchenesa mweya mumba. Parizvino, mapurojekiti emakamuri akachena muChina haana kukodzera chete kumagetsi, midziyo yemagetsi, mishonga, chikafu, tsvakurudzo yesainzi nedzimwe nzvimbo, asiwo anogona kushandiswa mudzimba, munzvimbo dzevaraidzo dzeveruzhinji, muzvikoro, nezvimwewo. Nekuvandudzwa kuri kuramba kuchiita sainzi netekinoroji, makambani einjiniya yemakamuri akachena akapararira zvishoma nezvishoma kuzviuru zvemhuri. Kukura kweindasitiri yemidziyo yemakamuri akachena mudzimba kwakawedzerawo zuva nezuva, uye vanhu vakatanga kunakidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemhedzisiro yeinjiniya yemakamuri akachena.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-20-2023