Kuberekwa kwekamuri rakachena
Kubuda uye kuvandudzwa kwese matekinoroji nekuda kwezvinodiwa zvekugadzira. Tekinoroji yekamuri yakachena haina mutsauko. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, magyroscopes anotakura mhepo akabudiswa muUnited States kuitira kufamba nendege aifanira kugadzirwa paavhareji ka120 pamagirosikopu gumi ega ega nekuda kwekusagadzikana. Munguva yeHondo yePeninsula yeKorea mukutanga kwema1950, zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinodarika miriyoni zvakatsiviwa mumidziyo yekukurukurirana yemagetsi ye160,000 muUnited States. Radar kukundikana kwakaitika 84% yenguva, uye kutadza kwepasi pemvura Sonar kwakaitika 48% yenguva. Chikonzero ndechekuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye zvikamu zvine kusavimbika kwakashata uye kusagadzikana kwemhando. Mauto nevagadziri vakaongorora chikonzero uye vakapedzisira vaona kubva kune akawanda maficha kuti ine chekuita nenzvimbo isina kuchena yekugadzira. Kunyangwe pasina mari yakasara uye matanho akaomesesa akatorwa kuvhara musangano wekugadzira, mhedzisiro yacho yaive shoma. Saka uku ndiko kwaiva kuzvarwa kwekamuri rakachena!
Kuvandudza imba yakachena
Danho rekutanga: Kusvika kutanga kwema1950s, HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Sefa, iyo yakabudirira kugadzirwa neUS Atomic Energy Commission muna 1951 kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutora guruva reradioactive iro rinokuvadza vanhu, rakaiswa kuhurongwa hwekutumira mashopu ekugadzira. Kusefa kwemhepo zvechokwadi kwakabereka imba yakachena ine kukosha kwemazuva ano.
Danho rechipiri: Muna 1961, Willis Whitfield, mumwe muongorori mukuru weSandia National Laboratories kuUnited States, akaronga inonzi laminar flow panguva iyoyo, uye yava kunzi unidirectional flow. (unidirectional flow) hurongwa hwesangano remhepo yakachena uye hunoshandiswa kumapurojekiti chaiwo. Kubva ipapo, imba yakachena yakasvika pamwero usina kumboonekwa wehutsanana.
Danho rechitatu: Mugore rimwe chetero, US Air Force yakagadzira uye yakapa yepasi rose yakachena kamuri mwero TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Standard for the Design and Operational Characteristics of Clean Rooms and Clean Bench." Pahwaro uhwu, iyo US federal standard FED-STD-209, iyo yakakamura makamuri akachena kuita nhanho nhatu, yakaziviswa muna Zvita 1963. Parizvino, iyo prototype yeyakakwana yakachena tekinoroji yekamuri yakaumbwa.
Idzi nhatu dzakakosha kufambira mberi dzinowanzo kurumbidzwa sematanho matatu munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwekamuri rakachena.
Pakati pema1960, makamuri akachena akanga ari kubuda muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveindasitiri muUnited States. Yakanga isiri kungoshandiswa muindasitiri yemauto chete, asi zvakare yakasimudzirwa mune zvemagetsi, optics, micro bearings, micro motors, photosensitive films, ultrapure chemical reagents uye mamwe maindasitiri maindasitiri, achitamba basa guru mukusimudzira kusimukira kwesainzi, tekinoroji uye indasitiri panguva iyoyo. Kuti izvi zviitike, zvinotevera sumo ine udzame kunyika dzemumba nekune dzimwe nyika.
Kubudirira kuenzanisa
Kunze kwenyika: Mukutanga kwema1950, kuitira kugadzirisa dambudziko rekutora guruva reradioactive iro rinokuvadza muviri wemunhu, US Atomic Energy Commission yakaunza yakakwira-inoshanda particle air filter (HEPA) muna 1950, yakave chiitiko chekutanga munhoroondo yekuvandudza tekinoroji yakachena. Mumakore ekuma1960, makamuri akachena aigadzirwa nemichina yemagetsi uye mamwe mafekitari muUnited States. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro ekuisa tekinoroji yekamuri yakachena yekamuri kumakamuri akachena biological akatanga. Muna 1961, iyo laminar flow (unidirectional flow) kamuri yakachena yakazvarwa. Yekutanga pasi rose yakachena kamuri mwero - US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203 yakaumbwa. Mukutanga 1970s, tarisiro yekuvakwa kwekamuri yakachena yakatanga kuchinjika kune yekurapa, mishonga, chikafu uye biochemical maindasitiri. Pamusoro peUnited States, dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira dzakaita seJapan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, yaimbova Soviet Union, Netherlands, etc. dzinokoshesawo uye kuvandudza tekinoroji yakachena. Mushure memakore ekuma1980, United States neJapan zvakabudirira kugadzira mafirita matsva e-ultra-hepa ane chinangwa chekusefa che 0.1 μm uye kugona kwekuunganidza kwe99.99%. Pakupedzisira, makamuri e-ultra-hepa akachena ane 0.1μm level 10 uye 0.1μm level 1 akavakwa, izvo zvakaunza kuvandudzwa kwekombiyuta yakachena kupinda munguva itsva.
China: Kubva kutanga kwema1960 kusvika mukupera kwema1970, aya makore gumi aive danho rekutanga uye rekutanga reChina yakachena kamuri tekinoroji. Anenge makore gumi gare gare kupfuura kunze kwenyika. Yakanga iri nguva yakakosha zvikuru uye yakaoma, ine hupfumi husina kusimba uye pasina kusimba kwenyika. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudaro uye zvakatenderedza zvinodikanwa zvemichina chaiyo, zvishandiso zvekubhururuka nendege uye maindasitiri emagetsi, vashandi vekuChina vakachena mukamuri tekinoroji vakatanga rwendo rwavo rwebhizimusi. Kubva mukupera kwema1970 kusvika mukupera kwema1980, tekinoroji yekamuri yakachena yeChina yakasangana nedanho rekukura kwezuva. Mukuita kwekuvandudza tekinoroji yekamuri yeChina yakachena, zvakawanda zvakakosha uye zvakakosha zvakabudirira zvinenge zvese zvakazvarwa panguva ino. Zviratidzo zvasvika padanho rehunyanzvi renyika dzekunze kuma1980. Kubva kutanga kwema1990 kusvika pari zvino, hupfumi hweChina hwakaramba hwakagadzikana uye huchikura nekukurumidza, mari yekunze kwenyika yakaramba ichiiswa, uye mapoka emarudzi akawanda akatevedzana akavaka mafekitori akawanda emagetsi emagetsi muChina. Naizvozvo, tekinoroji yemumba nevatsvaguri vane mikana yakawanda yekubata zvakananga dhizaini yemakamuri ekunze akachena makamuri, uye kunzwisisa zvepasirese zvishandiso nemidziyo, manejimendi uye kugadzirisa, nezvimwe.
Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, makambani ekuChina emakamuri akachena ari kusimukirawo nekukurumidza. Mararamiro evanhu ari kuramba achivandudzika, uye zvavanoda pakurarama kwavo uye mararamiro ari kuramba achikwira. Yakachena kamuri engineering tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma kucheneswa kwemhepo yemumba. Parizvino, mapurojekiti emukamuri akachena eChina haakodzere chete zvemagetsi, midziyo yemagetsi, mishonga, chikafu, tsvakiridzo yesainzi nemamwe maindasitiri, asi anogonawo kushandiswa mudzimba, nzvimbo dzevaraidzo dzeveruzhinji, masangano edzidzo, nezvimwewo. Nekuenderera mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, makambani einjiniya emakamuri akachena akapararira zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kuzviuru zvedzimba. Huyero hweindasitiri yemidziyo yemumba yakachena yakawedzerawo zuva nezuva, uye vanhu vatanga kunakidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma nemhedzisiro yeinjiniya yekamuri yakachena.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-20-2023