CLEAN ROOM CONCEPT UYE KUDZORA KUSVITSA

Cleanroom concept

Kucheneswa: kunoreva maitiro ekubvisa zvinosvibisa kuti uwane hutsanana hunodiwa.

Air purification: chiito chekubvisa zvinosvibisa mumhepo kuti mweya uchene.

Zvimedu: zvinhu zvakasimba uye zvemvura zvine saizi yakawanda ye0.001 kusvika 1000μm.

Zvimedu zvakaturikwa: zvimedu zvakasimba uye zvinyoro zvine saizi ye 0.1 kusvika 5μm mumhepo inoshandiswa kurongedza hutsanana hwemhepo.

Static bvunzo: muyedzo wakaitwa kana iyo cleanroom air conditioning system iri mukushanda kwakajairwa, michina yekugadzira yakaiswa, uye hapana vashandi vekugadzira muimba yakachena.

Dynamic bvunzo: bvunzo inoitwa kana imba yekuchenesa iri mukugadzirwa kwakajairwa.

Sterility: kusavapo kwezvipenyu.

Sterilization: nzira yekuwana steril state. Musiyano uripo pakati peimba yakachena neyakajairwa air-conditioned room. Dzimba dzakachena uye makamuri akajairwa ane air-conditioned inzvimbo idzo nzira dzekugadzira dzinoshandiswa kugadzira nekuchengetedza nzvimbo yemhepo inosvika kune imwe tembiricha, hunyoro, kufambisa kwemhepo uye kucheneswa kwemhepo. Musiyano pakati pezviviri ndewekuti:

Imba yakachena yakajairika imba ine air-conditioned

Indoor mhepo yakaturikwa zvimedu zvinofanira kudzorwa. Tembiricha, humidity, kuyerera kwemhepo uye vhoriyamu yemhepo inofanirwa kusvika kune imwe mhepo frequency (unidirectional flow clean room 400-600 times/h, non-unidirectional clean room 15-60 times/h).

Kazhinji, kutonhora kunoderedzwa ne8-10 nguva / h. Ventilation inogara tembiricha mukamuri 10-15 nguva / h. Pamusoro pekutarisa tembiricha nekunyorova, utsanana hunofanira kuongororwa nguva nenguva. Tembiricha nehunyoro zvinofanirwa kuongororwa nguva nenguva. Mhepo inopihwa inofanira kupfuura nematatu-nhanho kusefa, uye iyo terminal inofanirwa kushandisa hepa mafirita emhepo. Shandisa yekutanga, yepakati uye kupisa uye mwando kuchinjanisa michina. Imba yakachena inofanirwa kuve nekumwe kudzvanywa kwakanaka ≥10Pa yenzvimbo yakatenderedza. Pane kumanikidzwa kwakanaka, asi hapana chinodiwa chekuenzanisa. Vashandi vanopinda vanofanira kushandura shangu dzakakosha uye hembe dzisina utachiona uye vopfuura nemumhepo yekugeza. Kuparadzanisa kuyerera kwevanhu uye logistics.

Yakaturikwa zvimedu: kazhinji inoreva kune yakasimba uye yemvura zvimedu zvakaturikwa mumhepo, uye chikamu chayo saizi renji ingangoita 0.1 kusvika 5μm. Hutsanana: hunoshandiswa kuratidza saizi uye nhamba yezvimedu zviri mumhepo pachiyero chechikamu chenzvimbo, inova chiyero chekusiyanisa kuchena kwenzvimbo.

Airlock: Kamuri rebuffer rakamisikidzwa pamusuwo nekubuda kwekamuri rakachena kuvharira kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kudzora musiyano wemusiyano kubva kunze kana makamuri ari pedyo.

Air shower: Imhando yeairlock inoshandisa mafeni, mafirita, uye masystem ekufuridza mweya wakatenderedza vanhu vachipinda mukamuri. Ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinoshanda dzekuderedza kusvibiswa kwekunze.

Zvipfeko zvebasa zvakachena: Zvipfeko zvakachena zvine guruva rakaderera chizvarwa chinoshandiswa kuderedza zvimedu zvinogadzirwa nevashandi.

Hepa sefa yemhepo: Sefa yemhepo ine simba rekutora rinodarika 99.9% yezvikamu zvine dhayamita rakakura kupfuura kana kuenzana ne0.3μm uye inodzivirira kuyerera kwemhepo isingasviki 250Pa pahuwandu hwemhepo yakayerwa.

Ultra-hepa sefa yemhepo: Sefa yemhepo ine simba rekutora rinodarika 99.999% yezvikamu zvine dhayamita ye0.1 kusvika 0.2μm uye inodzivirira kuyerera kwemhepo isingasviki 280Pa pahuwandu hwemhepo yakayerwa.

Yakachena workshop: Inoumbwa neyepakati mhepo yekufemesa uye yekuchenesa mhepo system, uye zvakare iri moyo wechenese system, ichishanda pamwe kuti ive nechokwadi cheyakajairwa yeakasiyana paramita. Tembiricha uye humidity control: Yakachena workshop inodikanwa kwezvakatipoteredza zveGMP kumabhizinesi emishonga, uye iyo cleanroom air conditioning (HVAC) system ndiyo vimbiso yakakosha yekuwana nzvimbo yekuchenesa. Cleanroom yepakati air conditioning system inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: DC air conditioning system: iyo yekunze mhepo yakarapwa uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa nzvimbo inotumirwa mukamuri, uye ipapo mhepo yese inoburitswa. Iyo inonzi zvakare yakazara exhaust system, iyo inoshandiswa kune maworkshops ane yakakosha maitiro ezvinodiwa. Nzvimbo yekugadzira guruva pauriri hwechina hweworkshop iripo ndeyemhando iyi, senge granulation drying room, tablet filling place, coating area, kupwanya nekuyera nzvimbo. Nekuti musangano unoburitsa guruva rakawanda, DC air conditioning system inoshandiswa. Recirculation air conditioning system: kureva kuti, nzvimbo yakachena yemhepo inopa musanganiswa wechikamu chemhepo yakarapwa kunze uye chikamu chemhepo yekudzoka kubva munzvimbo yakachena yekamuri. Mhepo yekunze yemhepo yakachena inowanzoverengwa se 30% yehuwandu hwemhepo muimba yakachena, uye inofanirawo kusangana nechido chekubhadhara mhepo inopera kubva muimba. Recirculation yakakamurwa kuva yekutanga kudzoka mhepo uye yechipiri kudzoka mhepo. Musiyano uripo pakati pekutanga mhepo yekudzoka uye yechipiri mhepo yekudzoka: Mumhepo yekumisikidza yekamuri yakachena, yekutanga mhepo yekudzoka inoreva mweya wemukati wekudzoka unotanga wasanganiswa nemhepo nyowani, wozobatwa nepamusoro pemhepo inotonhorera (kana mvura yekupfapfaidza kamuri) kuti isvike muchina dova point state, wozodziirwa neheya yekutanga kuti isvike painopihwa mhepo (yekugara tembiricha uye humidity system). Yechipiri yekudzoka mhepo nzira ndeyokuti yekutanga mhepo yekudzoka inosanganiswa nemhepo yakachena uye inobatwa nepamusoro pemhepo inotonhorera (kana mvura yekupfapfaidza chamber) kuti isvike muchina dova point state, yobva yasanganiswa nemhepo yekudzoka yemukati kamwe chete, uye iyo yemukati mhepo yekugovera mamiriro inogona kuwanikwa nekudzora kusanganisa reshiyo (kunyanya dehumidification system).

Positive pressure: Kazhinji, dzimba dzakachena dzinoda kuchengetedza kudzvanyirira kwakanaka kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwekunze kuyerera mukati, uye zvinoita kuti guruva remukati ribude. Iyo yakanaka yekumanikidza kukosha kunowanzo kutevedzera maitiro maviri anotevera: 1) Musiyano wekumanikidza pakati pemakamuri akachena emazinga akasiyana uye pakati penzvimbo dzakachena nenzvimbo dzisina kuchena hazvifanirwe kuva pasi pe5Pa; 2) Musiyano wekumanikidza pakati pemashopu emukati nekunze akachena haafanire kunge ari pasi pe10Pa, kazhinji 10 ~ 20Pa. (1Pa = 1N / m2) Maererano ne "Cleanroom Design Specification", kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirisa kweimba yekuchenesa kunofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekupisa kwekushisa, kupisa kwekushisa, kudzivirira moto, kudzivirira hunyoro, uye guruva shoma. Pamusoro pezvo, tembiricha uye humidity zvinodiwa, kudzvanya mutsauko wekudzora, kuyerera kwemhepo uye vhoriyamu yekupa mhepo, kupinda nekubuda kwevanhu, uye kurapwa kwekuchenesa mweya kwakarongwa uye kunobatanidzwa kugadzira imba yakachena system.

1. Tembiricha uye mwando zvinodiwa

Tembiricha uye hunyoro hunyoro hweimba yekuchenesa hunofanirwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, uye nharaunda yekugadzira yechigadzirwa uye kunyaradza kweanoshanda kunofanirwa kuvimbiswa. Kana pasina zvakakosha zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, tembiricha yekamuri yekuchenesa inogona kudzorwa pa18-26 ℃ uye hunyoro hunogona kudzorwa pa45-65%. Tichifunga nezvekutonga kwakasimba kwekusvibiswa kwehutachiona munzvimbo yepakati yeaseptic operation, pane zvakakosha zvezvipfeko zvevashandi munzvimbo ino. Naizvozvo, tembiricha uye hunyoro hunyoro hwenzvimbo yakachena hunogona kutariswa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakakosha zvemaitiro uye chigadzirwa.

1. Pressure difference control

Kuti udzivise kuchena kwekamuri rakachena kubva pakusvibiswa nekamuri riri padyo, mhepo inoyerera pamwe nepakaputsika yechivako (magonhi emusuwo, kupinda kwemadziro, madhaidhi, nezvimwewo) munzira yakatarwa inogona kuderedza kutenderera kwezvikamu zvinokuvadza. Nzira yekudzora mafambiro emhepo ndeyekudzora kudzvanywa kwenzvimbo iri pedyo. GMP inoda kuyerwa kudzvanywa musiyano (DP) kuti ichengetwe pakati pekamuri yakachena nenzvimbo iri padyo nekuchena kwakaderera. Kukosha kweDP pakati pemazinga akasiyana emhepo muChina yeGMP inotemerwa kuti ive isingasviki 10Pa, uye iyo yakanaka kana yakaipa mutsauko wekumanikidza unofanirwa kuchengetedzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nemaitiro.

1. Airflow pateni uye vhoriyamu yekugovera mhepo inonzwisisika kuyerera kwemhepo sangano ndechimwe chezvivimbiso zvakakosha kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kusvibiswa-kusvibiswa munzvimbo yakachena. Sangano rekuyerera kwemhepo rinonzwisisika kuita kuti mhepo yakachena yemukamuri itumirwe mukati nekukasira uye yakaenzana kugovaniswa kana kuparadzirwa kunzvimbo yese yakachena, kuderedza eddy mafungu nemakona akafa, kunyungudutsa guruva uye mabhakitiriya anoburitswa nekusvibiswa kwemukati, uye nekukasira uye zvinobudirira kuaburitsa, kuderedza mukana weguruva uye mabhakitiriya anosvibisa chigadzirwa, uye kuchengetedza kamuri inodiwa. Sezvo tekinoroji yakachena inodzora kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu zvakamiswa mumhepo, uye huwandu hwemhepo hunounzwa mukamuri yakachena hwakakura kwazvo kupfuura hunodiwa nemakamuri ane air-conditioned, chimiro chayo chekuyerera kwemhepo chakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kwavari. Iyo yekuyerera kwemhepo pateni inonyanya kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:
2. Unidirectional kuyerera: kuyerera kwemhepo ine parallel streamlines mune imwe nzira uye inopindirana kumhanya kwemhepo pachikamu chemuchinjikwa; (Kune marudzi maviri: vertical unidirectional kuyerera uye yakachinjika unidirectional kuyerera.)
3. Non-unidirectional flow: inoreva kuyerera kwemhepo kusingasangane netsanangudzo yekuyerera kweunidirectional.

3. Kuyerera kwakasanganiswa: mhepo inoyerera inoumbwa nekuyerera kweunidirectional uye isina-unidirectional inoyerera. Kazhinji, unidirectional inoyerera inoyerera zvakanaka kubva kudivi rekupa mhepo yemukati kusvika kune inowirirana kudzoka kudivi remhepo, uye utsanana hunogona kusvika mukirasi 100. Kuchena kwemakamuri asina unidirectional akachena ari pakati pekirasi 1,000 uye kirasi 100,000, uye kuchena kwekasanganiswa kuyerera makamuri akachena anogona kusvika kirasi yezana mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mune yakachinjika kuyerera system, mhepo inoyerera ichibva kune imwe madziro kuenda kune imwe. Mune vertical flow system, mhepo inoyerera inoyerera kubva padenga kusvika pasi. Mamiriro ekufemesa ekamuri rakachena anogona kazhinji kuratidzwa nenzira inonzwisisika ne "air change frequency": "air change" ivhoriyamu yemhepo inopinda munzvimbo neawa yakakamurwa nehuwandu hwenzvimbo. Nekuda kweakasiyana mavhoriyamu emhepo akachena anotumirwa muimba yakachena, kuchena kwekamuri kwakasiyanawo. Maererano nekuverenga kwezvinyorwa uye ruzivo runoshanda, ruzivo rwakakwana rwenguva yemhepo yemhepo ndeyotevera, sekufungidzira kwekutanga kwekamuri yakachena yemhepo yekugovera vhoriyamu: 1) Kwekirasi 100,000, nguva dzemhepo dzinowanzopfuura 15 nguva / awa; 2) Yekirasi 10,000, nguva dzemhepo dzinowanzopfuura makumi maviri neshanu nguva / awa; 3) Yekirasi 1000, nguva dzekufemesa kazhinji dzinopfuura makumi mashanu nguva / awa; 4) Yekirasi 100, huwandu hwemhepo inopihwa inoverengerwa zvichienderana nemhepo inoyerera muchinjika-chikamu mhepo kumhanya kwe0.2-0.45m / s. Inonzwisisika mhepo vhoriyamu dhizaini chikamu chakakosha chekuona kuchena kwenzvimbo yakachena. Kunyangwe kuwedzera huwandu hwekamuri yekufefetera kunobatsira kuve nechokwadi chehutsanana, kuwandisa kwemhepo kunokonzeresa kupera kwesimba. Hutsanana hwemhepo huwandu hunotenderwa huwandu hweguruva zvidimbu (static) yepamusoro inobvumidzwa nhamba yemicroorganisms (static) ventilation frequency (paawa)

4. Kupinda nekubuda kwevanhu nezvinhu

Kune akachena makamuri akavharika, anowanzo kugadzikwa pamusuwo nekubuda kwekamuri yakachena kuvharira kunze kusvibiswa kwemhepo kuyerera uye kutonga musiyano wekumanikidza. Imba yebuffer yakagadzirirwa. Aya makamuri anovharika emidziyo anodzora yekupinda nekubuda nzvimbo kuburikidza nemasuwo akati wandei, uye zvakare anopa nzvimbo dzekupfeka / kubvisa mbatya dzakachena, disinfection, kucheneswa uye kumwe kuvhiya. Zvakajairwa zvemagetsi interlocks uye air locks.

Bhokisi rekupfuura: Kupinda nekubuda kwezvinhu muimba yakachena kunosanganisira bhokisi rekupfuura, nezvimwewo. Zvikamu izvi zvinotamba basa rekuchengetedza mukufambisa kwezvinhu pakati penzvimbo yakachena nenzvimbo isina kuchena. Magonhi avo maviri haakwanisi kuvhurwa panguva imwe chete, iyo inovimbisa kuti kunze kwemhepo haigoni kupinda uye kubuda mumusangano kana zvinhu zvinoendeswa. Pamusoro pezvo, bhokisi rekupfuura rakashongedzerwa nemwenje we ultraviolet mudziyo haungogone kuchengetedza kudzvanya kwakanaka mukamuri yakagadzikana, kudzivirira kusvibiswa, kusangana neGMP zvinodiwa, asi zvakare kuita basa mukuita sterilization uye disinfection.

Mhepo yekugezera: Imba yekugezera mweya ndiyo nzira yekuti zvinhu zvipinde nekubuda mukamuri rakachena uye zvakare inotamba kamuri yekuvharira mweya yakavharwa yakachena imba. Kuti uderedze huwandu hukuru hwehupfu hunounzwa nezvinhu mukati nekunze, kuyerera kwemhepo kwakachena kunosefa nehepa sefa inopfapfaidzwa kubva kumativi ese neinotenderedzwa nozzle kune zvinhu, zvinobudirira uye nekukurumidza kubvisa guruva zvidimbu. Kana paine shawa yemhepo, inofanirwa kupeperetswa uye kushawa maererano nemirairo isati yapinda muworkshop isina guruva yakachena. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunyatsotevera zvakatemwa uye kushandisa zvinodiwa zvemhepo yekugezera.

1. Kurapa kwekuchenesa mweya uye maitiro ayo

Tekinoroji yekuchenesa mhepo itekinoroji yakazara yekugadzira nzvimbo yemhepo yakachena uye kuve nechokwadi nekuvandudza mhando yechigadzirwa. Inonyanya kusefa kunze zvidimbu zviri mumhepo kuti uwane mweya wakachena, uye wobva wayerera nenzira imwe chete nekumhanya kwakafanana kana kusimuka, uye wosuka mhepo ine zvimedu zvakaitenderedza, kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa chekuchenesa mweya. Iyo air conditioning system yekamuri yakachena inofanirwa kuve yakacheneswa air conditioning system ine matatu-nhanho yekusefa kurapwa: yekutanga sefa, yepakati sefa uye hepa sefa. Ita shuwa kuti mhepo inotumirwa mukamuri imhepo yakachena uye inogona kuderedza mweya wakasviba uri mumba. Iyo yekutanga sefa inonyanya kukodzera kusefa kwekutanga kwemhepo yekufemesa uye kufefetera masisitimu uye kudzosa kusefa kwemhepo mumakamuri akachena. Sefa inoumbwa neartificial fibers uye galvanized iron. Iyo inogona kunyatso kubata guruva zvidimbu pasina kuumba yakawandisa kuramba kuyerera kwemhepo. Mafibisi akarukwa zvisina kurongeka anoumba zvisingaverengeki zvipingamupinyi kune zvimedu, uye nzvimbo yakafara pakati pemafayibha inobvumira kuyerera kwemhepo kuti ipfuure zvakanaka kuchengetedza inotevera nhanho yemafirita muhurongwa uye sisitimu pachayo. Kune mamiriro maviri ekuyerera kwemhepo isina utachiona yemukati: imwe ine laminar (kureva kuti, zvese zvakaturikwa zvimedu mukamuri zvinochengetwa mune laminar layer); imwe yacho isiri-laminar (kureva kuti, kuyerera kwemhepo yemukati kune mhirizhonga). Mumakamuri akawanda akachena, kuyerera kwemhepo yemukati haisi-laminar (mhirizhonga), iyo isingangogoni kukurumidza kusanganisa zvimedu zvakamiswa zvakavharidzirwa mumhepo, asiwo kuita kuti zvimedu zvakamira muimba yacho zvibhururuke zvakare, uye imwe mhepo inogonawo kumira.

6. Kudzivirirwa kwemoto uye kubviswa kwemasangano akachena

1) Chiyero chekudzivisa moto chemasangano akachena hachifaniri kunge chakaderera pane chikamu 2;

2) Njodzi yemoto yemashopu ekugadzira mumashopu akachena anozoiswa muzvikamu uye kuitwa zvinoenderana neazvino chiyero chenyika "Code for Fire Prevention of Building Design".

3) Sirin'i uye mapaneru emadziro ekamuri rakachena hazvichabatike, uye organic composite zvinhu hazvifanirwe kushandiswa. Muganho wekudzivirira moto wesirin'i haufanire kunge uri pasi pe0.4h, uye muganho wekudzivirira moto wedenga rekoridhi yekubuda haingave isingasviki 1.0h.

4) Muchivakwa chakazara chefekitori mukati menzvimbo yemoto, zvisingabatike zvidimbu zvemuviri zvinopatsanurwa zvichaiswa pakati pezvakachena kugadzirwa nenzvimbo dzekugadzira zvakajairika. Muganho wekudzivirira moto wemadziro ekuparadzanisa uye sirin'i yaro inoenderana haizove isingasviki 1h. Zvishandiso zvisingapindi moto kana kuti zvinodzivirira moto zvichashandiswa kuzadza pombi dzinopfuura nemumadziro kana sirin'i;

5) Mabudiro ekuchengetedza achaparadzirwa, uye hapafanirwe kunge paine nzira dzinoshungurudza kubva kunzvimbo yekugadzira kuenda kunzvimbo yekuchengetedza, uye zviratidzo zvinobuda pachena zvichaiswa.

6) Mukova wekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza unobatanidza nzvimbo yakachena nenzvimbo isina kuchena uye nzvimbo yakachena kunze ichavhurwa munzira yekubuda. Musuwo wekubuda wakachengeteka haufanire kunge uri musuwo wakamiswa, gonhi rakakosha, gonhi repadivi rinotsvedza kana gonhi remagetsi otomatiki. Rusvingo rwekunze rweworkshop yakachena uye nzvimbo yakachena pauriri humwe chete inofanira kunge yakashongedzerwa nemagonhi nemahwindo kuti vanodzima moto vapinde munzvimbo yakachena yemusangano, uye kubuda kwakakosha kwemoto kunofanira kuiswa panzvimbo yakakodzera yemadziro ekunze.

Tsanangudzo yemusangano weGMP: GMP ndiyo chidimbu cheGood Manufacture Practice. Chinyorwa chayo chikuru ndechekuisa pamberi zvinosungirwa zvinodiwa kuti ive nehungwaru hwekugadzirwa kwebhizinesi, kushanda kwemidziyo yekugadzira, uye iko kurongeka uye kumira kwemaitiro ekugadzira. GMP certification inoreva maitiro ayo hurumende nemadhipatimendi akakodzera anoronga kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvese zvebhizinesi, sevashandi, kudzidziswa, nzvimbo dzekudyara, nharaunda yekugadzira, mamiriro ehutsanana, manejimendi yezvinhu, manejimendi ekugadzira, manejimendi emhando, uye manejimendi ekutengesa, kuti vaone kana vachisangana nezvinodiwa. GMP inoda kuti vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vanofanirwa kuve nemidziyo yakanaka yekugadzira, maitiro ekugadzira anonzwisisika, manejimendi emhando yepamusoro uye masisitimu ekuyedza akasimba kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti mhando yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira inosangana nezvinodiwa nemirairo. Kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa kunofanirwa kuitwa muGMP certified workshops. Kuita GMP, kuvandudza mhando yechigadzirwa, uye kusimudzira masevhisi masevhisi ndiyo hwaro uye sosi yebudiriro yemabhizinesi madiki uye epakati pasi pemamiriro ehupfumi hwemusika. Kusvibiswa kwekamuri yakachena uye kutonga kwayo: Tsanangudzo yekusvibiswa: Kusvibiswa kunoreva zvinhu zvese zvisina basa. Zvingave zvinhu kana simba, chero bedzi isiri chikamu chechigadzirwa, hazvidikanwi kuvapo uye kukanganisa kushanda kwechigadzirwa. Pane zvinhu zvina zvakakosha zvekusvibisa: 1. Zvivako (denga, pasi, madziro); 2. Zvishandiso, midziyo; 3. Vashandi; 4. Zvigadzirwa. Cherechedza: Micro-kusvibiswa kunogona kuyerwa mumamicrons, kureva: 1000μm = 1mm. Kazhinji tinongoona zvidimbu zveguruva zvine saizi yakakura kupfuura 50μm, uye guruva zvidimbu zvisingasviki 50μm zvinongoonekwa nemaikorosikopu. Kusvibiswa kwemukamuri diki kusvibiswa kunowanzobva kuzvinhu zviviri: kusvibiswa kwemuviri wemunhu uye kusvibiswa kwechishandiso chemusangano. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu epanyama, muviri wemunhu unogara uchidurura zviyero zvemasero, mazhinji acho anotakura mabhakitiriya. Sezvo mhepo inodzorera nhamba huru yeguruva, inopa vatakuri uye mararamiro ehupenyu hwebhakitiriya, saka mhepo ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera mabhakitiriya. Vanhu ndivo manyuko makuru okusvibisa. Kana vanhu vachitaura uye kufamba, vanosunungura nhamba huru yeguruva, iyo inonamatira pamusoro pechigadzirwa uye inosvibisa chigadzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo vashandi vanoshanda muimba yakachena vakapfeka mbatya dzakachena, mbatya dzakachena hadzigoni kudzivirira zvachose kupararira kwezvidimbu. Zvizhinji zvezvimedu zvakakura zvichakurumidza kugara pamusoro pechinhu nekuda kwegiravhiti, uye zvimwe zvidiki zviduku zvichawira pamusoro pechinhu nekufamba kwemhepo. Chete kana twudiki twunosvika pane imwe pfungwa uye kubatanidza pamwe chete ndipo panogona kuonekwa neziso. Kuti kuderedze kusvibiswa kwemakamuri akachena nevashandi, vashandi vanofanira kunyatsotevera mitemo pavanenge vachipinda nekubuda. Danho rekutanga usati wapinda mukamuri rakachena nderokubvisa jasi rako mukamuri rekuchinja rekutanga, wopfeka masiripi akajairwa, wozopinda muimba yechipiri yekuchinja kuti uchinje shangu. Usati wapinda mushifiti yechipiri, geza nekuomesa maoko ako mukamuri yebhafa. Pukuta maoko ako kumberi nekuseri kwemaoko ako kusvika maoko ako asina kunyorova. Mushure mekupinda muimba yechipiri yekuchinja, shandura mashizha ekutanga ekuchinja, pfeka mbatya dzebasa dzisina kuchena, uye pfeka shangu dzekuchenesa yechipiri. Pane zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha pakupfeka mbatya dzebasa dzakachena: A. Pfeka zvakatsvinda uye usafumure bvudzi rako; B. Chifukidzo chinofanira kuvhara mhino; C. Geza huruva kubva pambatya dzebasa dzakachena usati wapinda muwekishopu yakachena. Mune manejimendi ekugadzira, mukuwedzera kune zvimwe zvinangwa, kuchine vashandi vazhinji vasingapinde munzvimbo yakachena sezvinodiwa uye zvigadzirwa hazvina kunyatsobatwa. Naizvozvo, vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vanofanira kunyatsoda vashandi vekugadzira uye kurima ruzivo rwehutsanana hwevashandi vekugadzira. Kusvibiswa kwevanhu - mabhakitiriya:

1. Kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nevanhu: (1) Ganda: Vanhu vanowanzobvisa ganda ravo zvachose mazuva mana oga oga, uye vanhu vanodurura zvidimbu zveganda zvinenge 1 000 paminiti (avhareji yehukuru i30*60*3 micron) (2) Bvudzi: Bvudzi romunhu (dhayamita rinenge 50~100 microns) riri kuramba richidonha. (3) Mate: ane sodium, enzymes, munyu, potasium, chloride uye zvimedu zvekudya. (4) Zvipfeko zvezuva nezuva: zvimedu, fiber, silica, cellulose, akasiyana makemikari uye mabhakitiriya. (5) Vanhu vachagadzira 10,000 zvidimbu zvakakura kudarika 0.3 microns paminiti pavanenge vachiri kana kuti vakagara.

2. Kuongororwa kwe data yekuongorora kune dzimwe nyika kunoratidza kuti: (1) Muimba yakachena, kana vashandi vakapfeka zvipfeko zvisina kuchena: huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobudiswa pavanenge vachiri kazhinji 10 ~ 300 / min. Huwandu hwehutachiona hunoburitswa kana muviri wemunhu uchiwanzo shanda ndeye 150 ~ 1000/min. Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunoburitswa kana munhu afamba nekukurumidza i900 ~ 2500/min.person. (2) Chikosoro kazhinji 70~700/min.person. (3) Kuhotsira kunowanzoita 4000 ~ 62000/min.person. (4) Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunoburitswa pakupfeka zvipfeko zvakajairika i3300 ~ 62000/min.person. (5) Kuwanda kwebhakitiriya inobudiswa pasina mask: huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobudiswa nemasikisi ndeye 1: 7 ~ 1: 14.