Pfungwa yekamuri rekushambidza
Kuchenesa: zvinoreva nzira yekubvisa tsvina kuti pave nekuchena kwakakodzera.
Kuchenesa mhepo: chiito chekubvisa tsvina mumhepo kuti mhepo ive yakachena.
Zvidimbu: zvinhu zvakasimba uye zvine mvura zvine saizi yakajairika ye0.001 kusvika 1000μm.
Zvidimbu zvakasungirirwa: zvidimbu zvakasimba uye zvine mvura zvine saizi ye 0.1 kusvika 5μm mumhepo zvinoshandiswa pakupatsanura mweya.
Kuedza kwakasimba: bvunzo inoitwa kana sisitimu yekutonhodza yemukamuri rekuchenesa iri kushanda zvakanaka, michina yekugadzira yaiswa, uye pasina vashandi vekugadzira mukamuri rekuchenesa.
Bvunzo inochinja-chinja: bvunzo inoitwa kana imba yekugezera iri kugadzirwa zvakajairika.
Kusabereka: kusavapo kwezvinhu zvipenyu.
Kuchenesa: nzira yekuwana mamiriro asina tsvina. Musiyano uripo pakati peimba yakachena neimba yakajairika ine mhepo inotonhorera. Makamuri akachena nemakamuri akajairika ane mhepo inotonhorera inzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nzira dzekugadzira kugadzira nekuchengetedza mhepo inosvika tembiricha yakati, hunyoro, kumhanya kwemhepo uye kucheneswa kwemhepo. Musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi ndewekuti:
Kamuri rakachena, imba inotonhorera mhepo yakajairika
Mhepo inonyungudika mumba inofanira kudzorwa. Tembiricha, hunyoro, kumhanya kwemhepo uye huwandu hwemhepo zvinofanirwa kusvika pakuwanda kwemhepo (nzvimbo yekushambidza mhepo inoenda kudivi rimwe chete ka400-600 kaawa, imba yekushambidza isina divi rimwe chete kaawa 15-60 kaawa).
Kazhinji, tembiricha inoderedzwa ne8-10 kanguva/awa. Kufefetera kunogara kuri mukamuri rinodziya tembiricha ka10-15 kanguva/awa. Pamusoro pekutarisa tembiricha nehunyoro, kuchena kunofanira kuyedzwa nguva nenguva. Tembiricha nehunyoro zvinofanira kuyedzwa nguva nenguva. Mhepo inofanira kupfuura nepasefa rematanho matatu, uye terminal inofanira kushandisa mafirita emhepo ehepa. Shandisa michina yekutanga, yepakati uye yekuchinjana kupisa nehunyoro. Imba yakachena inofanira kunge iine kumanikidzwa kwakanaka ≥10Pa yenzvimbo yakapoteredza. Pane kumanikidzwa kwakanaka, asi hapana chinodiwa chekuenzanisa. Vashandi vanopinda vanofanira kuchinja shangu dzakakosha nembatya dzisina tsvina uye kupfuura nepashawa yemhepo. Kuparadzanisa kufamba kwevanhu nemidziyo yekufambisa.
Zvidimbu zvakasungirirwa: zvinowanzoreva zvidimbu zvakasimba uye zvine mvura zvakasungirirwa mumhepo, uye huwandu hwezvidimbu zvacho hunosvika 0.1 kusvika 5μm. Kuchena: kunoshandiswa kuratidza hukuru nehuwandu hwezvidimbu zviri mumhepo pahuwandu hwenzvimbo, inova ndiyo chiyero chekusiyanisa kuchena kwenzvimbo.
Chivharo chemhepo: Imba yekuvharira inoiswa pamusuwo nekubuda kwekamuri rakachena kudzivirira kuyerera kwemhepo yakasviba uye kudzora musiyano wekumanikidzwa kubva mumakamuri ekunze kana ari pedyo.
Shawa yemhepo: Rudzi rwemhepo inovharira inoshandisa mafeni, mafirita, uye masisitimu ekudzora kufemera mhepo yakatenderedza vanhu vanopinda mukamuri. Ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinoshanda dzekuderedza kusvibiswa kwekunze.
Mbatya dzebasa dzakachena: Mbatya dzakachena dzine guruva shoma rinoshandiswa kuderedza zvidimbu zvinogadzirwa nevashandi.
Hepa air filter: Iyi filter yemhepo ine simba rekubata rinodarika 99.9% rezvidimbu zvine dhayamita yakakura kupfuura kana yakaenzana ne0.3μm uye inodzivirira kufamba kwemhepo iri pasi pe250Pa pahuwandu hwemhepo hwakatarwa.
Sefa yemhepo yeUltra-hepa: Sefa yemhepo ine simba rekubata rinodarika 99.999% rezvidimbu zvine dhayamita ye0.1 kusvika 0.2μm uye kuramba kwemhepo kusingapfuure 280Pa pahuwandu hwemhepo hwakatarwa.
Nzvimbo yekuchengetera mhepo yakachena: Inoumbwa nehurongwa hwepakati hwemhepo inotonhorera uye hwekuchenesa mhepo, uye ndiyowo moyo wehurongwa hwekuchenesa, ichishanda pamwe chete kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa. Kudzora tembiricha nehunyoro: Nzvimbo yekuchengetera mhepo yakachena ndiyo inodiwa neGMP kumabhizinesi emishonga, uye hurongwa hwekuchenesa mhepo inotonhorera (HVAC) ndiyo vimbiso huru yekuwana nzvimbo yekuchenesera. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera mhepo inotonhorera inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: DC air conditioning system: mhepo yekunze yakagadziriswa uye inogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvenzvimbo inotumirwa mukamuri, uye mweya wese unoburitswa. Inonziwo system yakazara yekuburitsa mvura, inoshandiswa kumaworkshop ane zvinodiwa zvakakosha. Nzvimbo inogadzira guruva padanho rechina reworkshop iripo ndeyerudzi urwu, senge granulation drying room, nzvimbo yekuzadza mapiritsi, nzvimbo yekufukidza, nzvimbo yekupwanya nekuyera. Nekuti workshop inogadzira guruva rakawanda, system yeDC air conditioning inoshandiswa. Recirculation air conditioning system: ndiko kuti, mhepo yemukamuri yakachena musanganiswa wechikamu chemhepo yakachena yakacheneswa uye chikamu chemhepo inodzoka kubva munzvimbo yakachena yekamuri. Huwandu hwemhepo yakachena yekunze hunowanzo verengerwa se30% yehuwandu hwemhepo yese iri mukamuri rakachena, uye inofanirawo kuzadzisa chinodiwa chekutsiva mweya unobuda mukamuri. Kudzokororwa kwemhepo kwakakamurwa kuita mhepo yekutanga inodzoka uye mhepo yechipiri inodzoka. Musiyano uripo pakati pemhepo yekutanga inodzoka nemhepo yechipiri inodzoka: Muhurongwa hwemhepo inotonhorera yekamuri rakachena, mhepo yekutanga inodzoka inoreva mweya wekudzoka mukati unotanga wasanganiswa nemhepo itsva, wozogadziriswa nechinhu chinotonhorera pamusoro (kana imba yekupfapfaidza mvura) kuti isvike mamiriro emvura yemuchina, wozodziiswa nechinhu chinotonhorera chikuru kuti isvike mamiriro emhepo (kuti tembiricha igare iripo uye hunyoro hugare huripo). Nzira yemhepo yechipiri inodzoka ndeyekuti mhepo yekutanga inosanganiswa nemhepo itsva uye yogadziriswa nechinhu chinotonhorera pamusoro (kana imba yekupfapfaidza mvura) kuti isvike mamiriro emvura yemuchina, uye yozosanganiswa nemhepo yekudzoka mukati kamwe chete, uye mamiriro emhepo yemukati anogona kuwanikwa nekudzora chiyero chekusanganisa (kunyanya system yekubvisa hunyoro).
Kumanikidzwa kwakanaka: Kazhinji, makamuri akachena anofanira kuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kwakanaka kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwekunze kuti kusapinde, uye zvinobatsira pakuburitsa guruva remukati. Kukosha kwekumanikidzwa kwakanaka kunowanzo tevera magadzirirwo maviri anotevera: 1) Musiyano wekumanikidzwa pakati pemakamuri akachena ane mazinga akasiyana uye pakati penzvimbo dzakachena nenzvimbo dzisina kuchena haufanirwe kunge uri pasi pe5Pa; 2) Musiyano wekumanikidzwa pakati pemaworkshop akachena emukati nekunze haufanirwe kunge uri pasi pe10Pa, kazhinji 10~20Pa. (1Pa=1N/m2) Zvichienderana ne "Cleanroom Design Specification", kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekugadzirisa imba yekugezera kunofanirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekudzivirira kupisa, kudzivirira kupisa, kudzivirira moto, kuramba hunyoro, uye guruva shoma. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinodiwa zvetembiricha nehunyoro, kudzora musiyano wekumanikidzwa, kuyerera kwemhepo uye huwandu hwemhepo, kupinda nekubuda kwevanhu, uye kurapwa kwekuchenesa mweya zvinorongwa uye zvinoshandira pamwe kuti zvigadzire sisitimu yekuchenesa.
- Zvinodiwa pakupisa nekunyorova
Tembiricha uye hunyoro hwemukamuri yekugezera zvinofanirwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, uye nharaunda yekugadzira chigadzirwa uye kunyaradzwa kwemushandi zvinofanirwa kuvimbiswa. Kana pasina zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, tembiricha yekamuri yekugezera inogona kudzorwa pa18-26℃ uye hunyoro hwehukama hunogona kudzorwa pa45-65%. Tichifunga nezvekudzora kwakasimba kusvibiswa kwehutachiona munzvimbo huru yekushanda kweaseptic, kune zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvezvipfeko zvevashandi munzvimbo iyi. Naizvozvo, tembiricha uye hunyoro hwenzvimbo yakachena zvinogona kutsanangurwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakakosha zvemaitiro nechigadzirwa.
- Kudzora musiyano wekumanikidzwa
Kuti kuchena kwekamuri rakachena kusasvibiswe nekamuri riri pedyo, kufamba kwemhepo nepakati pemaburi echivako (maburi emusuwo, mapindiro emadziro, maducts, nezvimwewo) munzira yakatarwa kunogona kuderedza kutenderera kwezvikamu zvinokuvadza. Nzira yekudzora divi rekufamba kwemhepo ndeyekudzora kumanikidzwa kwenzvimbo iri pedyo. GMP inoda musiyano wekumanikidzwa unoyerwa (DP) kuti uchengetwe pakati pekamuri rakachena nenzvimbo iri pedyo nekuchena kwakaderera. Kukosha kweDP pakati pemazinga akasiyana emhepo muGMP yeChina kunonzi kwete pasi pe10Pa, uye musiyano wekumanikidzwa kwakanaka kana kusina kunaka unofanirwa kuchengetedzwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro.
- Magadzirirwo emhepo uye huwandu hwemhepo. Kurongeka kwemhepo zvine mwero ndeimwe yevimbiso dzakakosha dzekudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kusvibiswa munzvimbo yakachena. Kurongeka kwemhepo zvine mwero ndekuita kuti mhepo yakachena yemukamuri ipinde nekukurumidza uye zvakaenzana kana kupararira munzvimbo yese yakachena, kuderedza mafungu emhepo nemakona akafa, kuderedza guruva nemabhakitiriya anoburitswa nekusvibiswa kwemukati, uye nekukurumidza uye zvinobudirira, kuderedza mukana wekuti guruva nemabhakitiriya asvibise chigadzirwa, uye kuchengetedza kuchena kunodiwa mukamuri. Sezvo tekinoroji yakachena ichidzora huwandu hwezvinhu zvakasungirirwa mumhepo, uye huwandu hwemhepo hunounzwa mukamuri yakachena hwakakura kupfuura hunodiwa nemakamuri ane mhepo inotonhorera, chimiro chayo chekurongeka kwemhepo chakasiyana zvikuru nechawo. Magadzirirwo emhepo akakamurwa zvikuru muzvikamu zvitatu:
- Kuyerera kwemhepo nenzira imwe chete: kuyerera kwemhepo nenzira imwe chete uye kumhanya kwemhepo nguva dzose pachikamu chepakati; (Kune mhando mbiri: kuyerera kwemhepo nenzira imwe chete uye kuyerera kwemhepo nenzira imwe chete.)
- Kuyerera kusingaenderane nedivi rimwe chete: zvinoreva kufamba kwemhepo kusingaenderane netsanangudzo yekuyerera kwedivi rimwe chete.
3. Kuyerera kwakasanganiswa: kuyerera kwemhepo kunosanganisira kuyerera kwemhepo nenzira imwe uye kuyerera kusingaenderane neimwe. Kazhinji, kuyerera kwemhepo nenzira imwe kunoyerera zvakanaka kubva kudivi remhepo yemukati kuenda kudivi remhepo inodzoka, uye kuchena kunogona kusvika kukirasi 100. Kuchena kwemakamuri akachena asina kuenderane neimwe kuri pakati pekirasi 1,000 nekirasi 100,000, uye kuchena kwemakamuri akachena akasanganiswa kunogona kusvika kukirasi 100 mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Muhurongwa hwekuyerera kwemhepo hwakatwasuka, kuyerera kwemhepo kunoyerera kubva pamadziro kuenda kune mamwe. Muhurongwa hwekuyerera kwemhepo hwakatwasuka, kuyerera kwemhepo kunoyerera kubva padenga kuenda pasi. Mamiriro ekufema kwekamuri rakachena anogona kuratidzwa nenzira inonzwisisika ne "frequency yekuchinja kwemhepo": "kuchinja kwemhepo" ihuwandu hwemhepo inopinda munzvimbo paawa yakakamurwa nehuwandu hwenzvimbo. Nekuda kwehuwandu hwakasiyana hwemhepo yakachena inotumirwa mukamuri rakachena, kuchena kwekamuri kwakasiyanawo. Zvichienderana nekuverenga kwedzidziso uye ruzivo rwekushanda, ruzivo rwenguva dzekufema nderunotevera, sekufungidzira kwekutanga kwehuwandu hwemhepo inopihwa mukamuri rakachena: 1) Kune kirasi 100,000, nguva dzekufema dzinowanzo pfuura ka15/awa; 2) Kune kirasi 10,000, nguva dzekufema dzinowanzo pfuura ka25/awa; 3) Kune kirasi 1000, nguva dzekufema dzinowanzo pfuura ka50/awa; 4) Kune kirasi 100, huwandu hwemhepo hunoverengerwa zvichibva pakumhanya kwemhepo inopihwa nemhepo kwe0.2-0.45m/s. Dhizaini yehuwandu hwemhepo inonzwisisika chikamu chakakosha chekuona kuchena kwenzvimbo yakachena. Kunyangwe kuwedzera huwandu hwemhepo inopihwa mukamuri kuchibatsira pakuona kuchena, huwandu hwemhepo yakawandisa hunokonzera kurasikirwa kwesimba. Kuchena kwemhepo huwandu hweguruva (static) huwandu hwepamusoro hunogamuchirwa hwehutachiona (static) huwandu hwemhepo (paawa)
4. Kupinda nekubuda kwevanhu nezvinhu
Kune makiyi emakamuri akachena, anowanzoiswa pamusuwo nekubuda kwekamuri rakachena kuti avhare mweya wakasviba wekunze uye kudzora musiyano wekumanikidzwa. Imba yekuchengetera zvinhu yakagadzikwa. Makamuri aya emidziyo inokiyiwa anodzora nzvimbo yekupinda nekubuda nepamasuo akati wandei, uye anopawo nzvimbo dzekupfeka/kubvisa mbatya dzakachena, kubvisa utachiona, kuchenesa nezvimwe. Makiyi emagetsi akajairika uye makiyi emhepo.
Bhokisi repasi: Kupinda nekubuda kwezvinhu mukamuri rakachena kunosanganisira bhokisi repasi, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvinhu zvinoita basa rekuchengetedza zvinhu pakati penzvimbo yakachena nenzvimbo isina kuchena. Masuo avo maviri haagone kuvhurwa panguva imwe chete, izvo zvinoita kuti mhepo yekunze isapinde nekubuda muworkshop kana zvinhu zvaendeswa. Pamusoro pezvo, bhokisi repasi rine mwenje we ultraviolet harigone kungochengetedza kumanikidzwa kwakanaka mukamuri, kudzivirira kusvibiswa, kusangana nezvinodiwa neGMP, asiwo rinoita basa rekuuraya utachiona uye kubvisa utachiona.
Shawa yemhepo: Imba yeshawa yemhepo ndiyo nzira yekuti zvinhu zvipinde nekubuda mukamuri rakachena uye inoitawo basa rekamuri rakavharwa nemhepo. Kuti kuderedza huwandu hwakawanda hweguruva hunounzwa nezvinhu zvinopinda nekubuda, mhepo yakachena inoyerera nefirita yehepa inopfapfaidzwa kubva kumativi ese nemuromo unotenderera kuenda kuzvinhu, zvinobudirira uye nekukurumidza kubvisa zvidimbu zveguruva. Kana paine shawa yemhepo, inofanira kufefeterwa uye kushambidzwa zvinoenderana nemitemo isati yapinda muworkshop isina guruva. Panguva imwe chete, nyatsotevedzera zvinodiwa zveshawa yemhepo.
- Kurapa kwekuchenesa mweya uye hunhu hwayo
Tekinoroji yekuchenesa mhepo tekinoroji yakazara yekugadzira mhepo yakachena uye kuona nekuvandudza mhando yechigadzirwa. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekusefa zvidimbu zviri mumhepo kuti uwane mhepo yakachena, uye wozoyerera nenzira imwe chete nekumhanya kwakafanana kana kwakatwasuka, wogeza mhepo nezvidimbu zvakaipoteredza, kuitira kuti chinangwa chekuchenesa mweya chibudirire. Sisitimu yekutonhodza yekamuri yakachena inofanira kunge iri sisitimu yekutonhodza mhepo yakachena ine matanho matatu ekusefa: firita yekutanga, firita yepakati uye firita yehepa. Iva nechokwadi chekuti mhepo inotumirwa mukamuri yakachena uye inogona kuderedza mhepo yakasviba iri mukamuri. Sefa yekutanga inonyanya kukodzera kusefa kwekutanga kwemasisitimu ekutonhodza uye ekufema uye kudzorera kusefa kwemhepo mumakamuri akachena. Sefa iyi inoumbwa neshinda dzekugadzira nesimbi dzakagadzirwa nesimbi. Inogona kudzivirira zvidimbu zveguruva pasina kugadzira kudzivirira kwakanyanya kuyerera kwemhepo. Matayi akarukwa zvisina kurongeka anoumba zvipingamupinyi zvisingaverengeki kuzvidimbu, uye nzvimbo yakakura pakati peshinda inobvumira kufamba kwemhepo kupfuura zvakanaka kuchengetedza nhanho inotevera yemafirita musisitimu uye sisitimu pachayo. Kune mamiriro maviri ekuyerera kwemhepo isina utachiona mumba: imwe ndeye laminar (ndiko kuti, zvidimbu zvese zvakasungirirwa mukamuri zvinochengetwa mu laminar layer); imwe haina laminar (ndiko kuti, kuyerera kwemhepo yemukati kunovhiringika). Mumakamuri mazhinji akachena, kuyerera kwemhepo yemukati hakuna laminar (kuvhiringika), izvo zvisingangogone kusanganisa zvidimbu zvakasungirirwa zviri mumhepo nekukurumidza, asiwo zvinoita kuti zvidimbu zvisina kutenderera mukamuri zvibhururuke zvakare, uye imwe mhepo inogonawo kumira.
6. Kudzivirira moto uye kubvisa nzvimbo dzakachena dzekushandira
1) Hunhu hwekudzivirira moto mumaworkshop akachena hahufanirwe kunge hwakaderera pane nhanho 2;
2) Ngozi yemoto yemabasa ekugadzira munzvimbo dzakachena inofanira kurongwa uye kushandiswa zvichienderana nemutemo wenyika we "Code for Fire Prevention of Building Design" uripo iye zvino.
3) Mapanera edenga nemadziro eimba yakachena haafanire kupiswa, uye zvinhu zvakasanganiswa nemakemikari hazvifanirwe kushandiswa. Muganho wekudzivirira moto wedenga haufanirwe kunge uri pasi pe 0.4h, uye muganho wekudzivirira moto wedenga renzira yekubuda haufanirwe kunge uri pasi pe 1.0h.
4) Muchivako chefekitori chakakwana chiri munzvimbo ine moto, matanho ekuparadzanisa muviri asingatsvi anofanira kuiswa pakati penzvimbo dzakachena dzekugadzira nedzekugadzira. Muganho wekudzivirira moto wemadziro ekuparadzanisa nedenga rawo rinoenderana haufanirwe kunge uri pasi peawa imwe chete. Zvinhu zvisingatsvi kana zvisingatsvi zvinofanira kushandiswa kuzadza mapaipi anopinda nepamadziro kana padenga zvakasimba;
5) Nzira dzekubuda nadzo dzakachengeteka dzinofanira kupararira, uye hapafanirwe kuva nenzira dzakakombama kubva panzvimbo yekugadzira kuenda pakubuda nadzo dzakachengeteka, uye zviratidzo zvinooneka zvekubuda zvinofanira kuiswa.
6) Gonhi rekuchengetedza rekubvisa vanhu rinobatanidza nzvimbo yakachena nenzvimbo isina kuchena nenzvimbo yakachena yekunze rinofanira kuvhurwa nenzira yekubuda vanhu. Gonhi rekuchengetedza rekubvisa vanhu harifanirwe kunge riri gonhi rakarembera, gonhi rakakosha, gonhi rinotsvedza parutivi kana gonhi remagetsi rinozvigadzira. Rusvingo rwekunze rwenzvimbo yakachena yekushandira vanhu nenzvimbo yakachena iri pasi rimwe chete zvinofanira kunge zvakashongedzerwa nemagonhi nemahwindo ekuti vanodzima moto vapinde munzvimbo yakachena yenzvimbo yakachena yekushandira vanhu, uye nzira yekubuda nayo moto inofanira kuiswa panzvimbo yakakodzera yemadziro ekunze.
Tsananguro yeGMP workshop: GMP ipfupiso yeGood Manufacturing Practice. Zviri mukati mayo zvikuru ndezvekuisa zvinodiwa kuti bhizimisi rive nemusoro wemaitiro ekugadzira, kushanda kwemidziyo yekugadzira, uye kururama uye kurongeka kwemabasa ekugadzira. Chitupa cheGMP chinoreva maitiro ayo hurumende nemadhipatimendi akakodzera vanoronga ongororo dzezvinhu zvese zvebhizinesi, zvakaita sevashandi, kudzidziswa, zvivakwa zvemafekitori, nharaunda yekugadzira, mamiriro ehutsanana, manejimendi yezvinhu, manejimendi yekugadzira, manejimendi yemhando, uye manejimendi yekutengesa, kuti vaone kana vachizadzisa zvinodiwa nemutemo. GMP inoda kuti vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vave nemidziyo yekugadzira yakanaka, maitiro ekugadzira ane musoro, manejimendi yemhando yakakwana uye masisitimu ekuyedza akasimba kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhando yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira inosangana nezvinodiwa nemitemo. Kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa kunofanirwa kuitwa mumaworkshop ane certification yeGMP. Kushandisa GMP, kuvandudza mhando yechigadzirwa, uye kusimudzira pfungwa dzebasa ndiyo hwaro uye sosi yekukura kwemabhizinesi madiki nepakati pasi pemamiriro ehupfumi hwemusika. Kusvibiswa kwemakamuri akachena uye kudzora kwayo: Tsanangudzo yekusvibiswa: Kusvibiswa kunoreva zvinhu zvese zvisingadiwe. Ingava chinhu kana simba, chero bedzi isiri chikamu chechigadzirwa, hazvidikanwi kuti chivepo uye chinokanganisa mashandiro echigadzirwa. Kune zvinhu zvina zvikuru zvinokonzera kusvibiswa: 1. Zvivako (denga, pasi, madziro); 2. Zvishandiso, midziyo; 3. Vashandi; 4. Zvigadzirwa. Cherechedza: Kusvibiswa kudiki kunogona kuyerwa muma microns, kureva: 1000μm=1mm. Kazhinji tinogona kuona zvidimbu zveguruva zvine saizi yezvikamu zvinopfuura 50μm, uye zvidimbu zveguruva zviri pasi pe50μm zvinogona kuonekwa chete ne microscope. Kusvibiswa kwebhakitiriya mukamuri rakachena kunobva pazvinhu zviviri: kusvibiswa kwemuviri wemunhu uye kusvibiswa kwesystem yezvishandiso zveworkshop. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu epanyama, muviri wemunhu unogara uchibvisa zviyero zvemasero, mazhinji acho ane mabhakitiriya. Sezvo mhepo ichidzosa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvidimbu zveguruva, inopa vatakuri nemamiriro ekugara emabhakitiriya, saka mhepo ndiyo sosi huru yemabhakitiriya. Vanhu ndivo sosi huru yekusvibiswa. Vanhu pavanotaura nekufamba, vanoburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvidimbu zveguruva, zvinonamatira pamusoro pechigadzirwa uye zvinosvibisa chigadzirwa. Kunyange hazvo vashandi vanoshanda mukamuri rakachena vachipfeka mbatya dzakachena, mbatya dzakachena hadzigoni kudzivirira zvachose kupararira kwezvikamu. Zvikamu zvikuru zvakawanda zvichakurumidza kugara pamusoro pechinhu nekuda kwesimba rinokwevera pasi, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvidiki zvinowira pamusoro pechinhu nekufamba kwemhepo. Kana zvikamu zvidiki zvasvika pakuwanda kwakati uye zvaungana pamwe chete ndipo pazvinoonekwa nemaziso asina kupfeka. Kuti vashandi vaderedze kusvibiswa kwemakamuri akachena, vashandi vanofanira kunyatsotevedzera mitemo pavanopinda nekubuda. Danho rekutanga usati wapinda mukamuri rakachena nderekubvisa bhachi rako mukamuri rekutanga rekuchinja, pfeka masilippers akajairwa, wobva wapinda mukamuri rechipiri rekuchinja kuti uchinje shangu. Usati wapinda mukamuri rechipiri, geza uye omesa maoko ako mukamuri rekuchinja. Omesa maoko ako pamberi nekumashure kwemaoko ako kusvika maoko ako asina kunyorova. Mushure mekupinda mukamuri rechipiri rekuchinja, chinja masilippers ekutanga ekuchinja, pfeka mbatya dzebasa dzakachena, uye pfeka shangu dzekuchenesa dzechipiri rekuchinja. Pane zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha kana uchipfeka mbatya dzebasa dzakachena: A. Pfeka zvakanaka uye usafumure bvudzi rako; B. Mask inofanira kufukidza mhino; C. Geza guruva kubva pahembe dzebasa dzakachena usati wapinda muworkshop yakachena. Mukutarisira kugadzirwa, pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha, kuchine vashandi vazhinji vasingapindi munzvimbo yakachena sezvinodiwa uye zvinhu zvacho hazvibatike zvakanyanya. Nokudaro, vagadziri vezvigadzirwa vanofanira kuda zvakanyanya vatengesi vekugadzira uye kusimudzira ruzivo rwekuchena kwevashandi vekugadzira. Kusvibiswa kwevanhu - mabhakitiriya:
1. Kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nevanhu: (1) Ganda: Vanhu vanowanzobvisa ganda ravo rose mazuva mana ega ega, uye vanhu vanobvisa zvidimbu zveganda zvinosvika chiuru paminiti (avhareji saizi i30 * 60 * 3 microns) (2) Bvudzi: Bvudzi revanhu (dhayamita ingaita 50 ~ 100 microns) rinogara richidonha. (3) Mate: ane sodium, ma enzymes, munyu, potassium, chloride uye zvidimbu zvekudya. (4) Zvipfeko zvezuva nezuva: zvidimbu, fibers, silica, cellulose, makemikari akasiyana-siyana uye mabhakitiriya. (5) Vanhu vanogadzira zvidimbu gumi zveganda zvakakura kupfuura 0.3 microns paminiti pavanenge vakamira kana vakagara.
2. Kuongororwa kwedata rekuongorora rekunze kunoratidza kuti: (1) Mukamuri rakachena, kana vashandi vakapfeka mbatya dzisina tsvina: huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobuda pavanenge vachiripo hunowanzova 10~300/min. Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobuda kana muviri wemunhu uchishanda hunowanzova 150~1000/min. Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobuda kana munhu achifamba nekukurumidza hunosvika 900~2500/min. munhu. (2) Kukosora kunowanzova 70~700/min. munhu. (3) Kuhotsira kunowanzova 4000~62000/min. munhu. (4) Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobuda kana munhu akapfeka mbatya dzakajairika hunosvika 3300~62000/min. munhu. (5) Huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobuda pasina mask: huwandu hwebhakitiriya hunobuda ne mask hunosvika 1:7~1:14.
Nguva yekutumira: Kurume-05-2025